http://www.philippine-history.org/japanese-occupation.htm
http://www.thenewstoday.info/2006/08/25/the.philippine.government.under.the.japanese.html
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http://www.thenewstoday.info/2006/08/25/the.philippine.government.under.the.japanese.html
HE PHILILIPPINE GOVERMENT AND POLITICS
DURING THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION
IN WORLD WAR 2
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The Philippine government under the Japanese
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http://www.thenewstoday.info/2006/08/25/the.philippine.government.under.the.japanese.html
:
http://www.thenewstoday.info/2006/08/25/the.philippine.government.under.the.japanese.html
HE PHILILIPPINE GOVERMENT AND POLITICS
DURING THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION
IN WORLD WAR 2
On December 8, 1941, Japan invaded the Philippines. Clark Air Base in Pampanga was first attacked and also Nichols Field outside Manila was attacked, then on December 22, The Japanese forces landed at the Lingayen Gulf and continued on to Manila. General Douglas MacArthur declared Manila an open city on the advice of commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon to avoid its destruction. Manila was occupied by the Japanese on January 2, 1942. MacArthur retreated with his troops to Bataan while the commonwealth government withdrew to Corregidor island before proceeding to the United States. The joint American and Filipino soldiers in Bataan finally surrendered on April 9, 1942. MacArthur escaped to Corregidor then proceeded to Australia. The 76,000 captured soldiers were forced to embark on the infamous "Death March" to a prison camp more than 100 kilometers north. An estimated 10,000 prisoners died due to thirst, hunger and exhaustion.
The Huks
In the midst of fear and chaos, some farmers of Pampanga banded together and created local brigades for their protection. Luis Taruc, Juan Feleo, Castro Alejandrino, and other leaders of organized farmers held a meeting in February 1942 in Cabiao, Nueva Ecija. In that meeting, they agreed to fight theJapanese as a unified guerrilla army. Another meeting was held the following month, where in representatives from Tarlac, Pampanga and Nueva Ecija threshed out various details regarding their organization, which they agreed to call "Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon" or HUKBALAHAP. Taruc was chosen to be the Leader of the group, with Alejandrino as his right hand man. The members were simply known as Huks!
The Philippine Executive Commission
In accordance the instructions of President Manuel Quezon to Jorge Vargas, the Filipino officials in Manila were told to enter into agreements and compromises with the Japanese to mitigate the sufferings of the people under the iron-clad rule of the Japanese. On January 23, 1942 the PhilippineExecutive Commission was established, with Vargas as chairman. the following was appointed as department heads: Benigno Aquino, Sr., interior; Antonio de las Alas, finance; Jose P. Laurel, justice; Claro M. Recto, education, health, and public welfare; and Quintin Paredes, public works and communication; Jose Yulo was named Chief Justice of the Supreme court.
The following month, an election was held for members of The Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence (PCPI). The purpose of PCPI is to draw up a constitution for a free Philippines. Jose Laurel became its head. Against the will of the PCPI delegates the new Constitution was finalized on July 10, 1943. Two months later it was ratified by the KALIBAPI, which was the only political party allowed to exist at that time. KALIBAPI is the acronym for "Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas".
The new constitution, which noticeably lacked a bill of rights contained 12 articles lifted from the 1935 constitution that fitted the wishes of theJapanese. It was meant to be in effect only temporarily, while the Philippines still in chaos. After the war, a new constitution would again be drafted for the new Philippine Republic.
The Second Republic
On September 20 1943, the KALIBAPI- under the leadership of its director general, Benigno Aquino Sr. held a party convention to elect 54 members of the National Assembly. The Assembly was actually made up of 108 members; but half of this number was composed of incumbent governors and city mayors. Jose P. Laurel was elected as president of the second republic (the first republic was Aguinldo's Malolos Republic) and both Benigno Aquino Sr. & Ramon Avancena as a vice-presidents. The new republic was inaugurated on October 14 1943 on the front steps of the legislative building in Manila. The Philippine flag was hoisted as the national anthem was played. Meanwhile, theJapanese started using propaganda to gain the trust and confidence of Filipinos who refused to cooperate with them. They hung giant posters and distribute their materials that contains such slogans as "the Philippines belong to the Filipinos." they also used newspapers, movies, and others to publicize the same idea. Promoting Japanesepropaganda was one of the main objectives of the KALIBAPI, but still Japanese failed to gain the trust of the Filipinos.
Gen. Douglas MacArthur Returns
From Australia, Allied forces slowly advanced toward the Philippines, bombing several Japanese strongholds until they regained control of areas previously occupied by the enemy. The bombings began on September 21 1944, and barely a month later, on October 20, 1944, the Americans landed triumphantly in Leyte. Once a shore, General Douglas MacArthur said; "I have Returned."
Sergio Osmeña was Part of MacArthur’s group. He had taken over Manuel L. Quezon as president after the latter past way at Saranac Lake, New York on August 1944. From October 23 to October 26, 1944 the Americans engaged Japanese forces in the Battle of Leyte Gulf. Consider as the biggest naval battle in World History, this historic encounter almost destroyed the entire Japanese fleet and rendered in incapable of further attack. The US victory in the battle of Leyte Gulf is said to have signaled the beginning of Philippine liberation from the Japanese.
By mid-December, the American soldiers had reached Mindoro. The Japanese, meanwhile, secured other area where their thought other American units would land. Nevertheless, US liberation forces successfully docked at Lingayen Gulf on January 9, 1945. The news alarmed the Japanese. Lt. Gen.Tomoyuki Yamashita, supreme commander of the Japanese troops in Manila, mobilize his kamikazes (Japanese suicide pilots); but they failed to stop Americans. The Japanese also deployed MAKAPILI units to defend Manila but neither succeeds.
On December 8, 1944, President Laurel and his cabinet moved to Baguio upon orders of Yamashita, who is also known as the tiger of Malaya. TheJapanese forces retreated to Yamashita line a jungle battlefront stretching along the Sierra Madre Mountains from Antipolo, Rizal to Appari Cagayan.
The Japanese in Manila would not give up easily. In fact, it took 3 weeks of intense fighting before they finally surrendered on February 23. Gen. MacArthur continued to liberate other parts of the country. And finally proclaim general freedom from the Japanese on July 4, 1945.
The Huks
In the midst of fear and chaos, some farmers of Pampanga banded together and created local brigades for their protection. Luis Taruc, Juan Feleo, Castro Alejandrino, and other leaders of organized farmers held a meeting in February 1942 in Cabiao, Nueva Ecija. In that meeting, they agreed to fight theJapanese as a unified guerrilla army. Another meeting was held the following month, where in representatives from Tarlac, Pampanga and Nueva Ecija threshed out various details regarding their organization, which they agreed to call "Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon" or HUKBALAHAP. Taruc was chosen to be the Leader of the group, with Alejandrino as his right hand man. The members were simply known as Huks!
The Philippine Executive Commission
In accordance the instructions of President Manuel Quezon to Jorge Vargas, the Filipino officials in Manila were told to enter into agreements and compromises with the Japanese to mitigate the sufferings of the people under the iron-clad rule of the Japanese. On January 23, 1942 the PhilippineExecutive Commission was established, with Vargas as chairman. the following was appointed as department heads: Benigno Aquino, Sr., interior; Antonio de las Alas, finance; Jose P. Laurel, justice; Claro M. Recto, education, health, and public welfare; and Quintin Paredes, public works and communication; Jose Yulo was named Chief Justice of the Supreme court.
The following month, an election was held for members of The Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence (PCPI). The purpose of PCPI is to draw up a constitution for a free Philippines. Jose Laurel became its head. Against the will of the PCPI delegates the new Constitution was finalized on July 10, 1943. Two months later it was ratified by the KALIBAPI, which was the only political party allowed to exist at that time. KALIBAPI is the acronym for "Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas".
The new constitution, which noticeably lacked a bill of rights contained 12 articles lifted from the 1935 constitution that fitted the wishes of theJapanese. It was meant to be in effect only temporarily, while the Philippines still in chaos. After the war, a new constitution would again be drafted for the new Philippine Republic.
The Second Republic
On September 20 1943, the KALIBAPI- under the leadership of its director general, Benigno Aquino Sr. held a party convention to elect 54 members of the National Assembly. The Assembly was actually made up of 108 members; but half of this number was composed of incumbent governors and city mayors. Jose P. Laurel was elected as president of the second republic (the first republic was Aguinldo's Malolos Republic) and both Benigno Aquino Sr. & Ramon Avancena as a vice-presidents. The new republic was inaugurated on October 14 1943 on the front steps of the legislative building in Manila. The Philippine flag was hoisted as the national anthem was played. Meanwhile, theJapanese started using propaganda to gain the trust and confidence of Filipinos who refused to cooperate with them. They hung giant posters and distribute their materials that contains such slogans as "the Philippines belong to the Filipinos." they also used newspapers, movies, and others to publicize the same idea. Promoting Japanesepropaganda was one of the main objectives of the KALIBAPI, but still Japanese failed to gain the trust of the Filipinos.
Gen. Douglas MacArthur Returns
From Australia, Allied forces slowly advanced toward the Philippines, bombing several Japanese strongholds until they regained control of areas previously occupied by the enemy. The bombings began on September 21 1944, and barely a month later, on October 20, 1944, the Americans landed triumphantly in Leyte. Once a shore, General Douglas MacArthur said; "I have Returned."
Sergio Osmeña was Part of MacArthur’s group. He had taken over Manuel L. Quezon as president after the latter past way at Saranac Lake, New York on August 1944. From October 23 to October 26, 1944 the Americans engaged Japanese forces in the Battle of Leyte Gulf. Consider as the biggest naval battle in World History, this historic encounter almost destroyed the entire Japanese fleet and rendered in incapable of further attack. The US victory in the battle of Leyte Gulf is said to have signaled the beginning of Philippine liberation from the Japanese.
By mid-December, the American soldiers had reached Mindoro. The Japanese, meanwhile, secured other area where their thought other American units would land. Nevertheless, US liberation forces successfully docked at Lingayen Gulf on January 9, 1945. The news alarmed the Japanese. Lt. Gen.Tomoyuki Yamashita, supreme commander of the Japanese troops in Manila, mobilize his kamikazes (Japanese suicide pilots); but they failed to stop Americans. The Japanese also deployed MAKAPILI units to defend Manila but neither succeeds.
On December 8, 1944, President Laurel and his cabinet moved to Baguio upon orders of Yamashita, who is also known as the tiger of Malaya. TheJapanese forces retreated to Yamashita line a jungle battlefront stretching along the Sierra Madre Mountains from Antipolo, Rizal to Appari Cagayan.
The Japanese in Manila would not give up easily. In fact, it took 3 weeks of intense fighting before they finally surrendered on February 23. Gen. MacArthur continued to liberate other parts of the country. And finally proclaim general freedom from the Japanese on July 4, 1945.
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The Philippine government under the Japanese
After Manila became an occupied city, Gen. Masaharu Homma, Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese Imperial Forces in the Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing the end of the American rule in the country and the purpose of the Japanese expedition. This was on January 3, 1942 and reiterated the avowed aim of the Japanese occupation to emancipate the Filipinos from the oppressive domination of the United States and letting them establish "the Philippines for the Filipinos".
On January 23, 1942, General Homma issued an order re-naming the national government as Central Administrative Organization, headed by a Chairperson. The Chairperson of the Executive Commission was assisted by the Council of State. Jorge B. Vargas was appointed by Homma as the Chairperson of the said Commission. The Central Administrative Organization was composed of six executive departments: Interior, Agriculture and Commerce, Communications, Education, Finance, Justice, Health and Public Welfare, and Public Works and Communications. Each of these departments was under a Commissioner whose task was to "execute an administration within his jurisdiction under the control of the Chairman of the Executive Commission."
It must be pointed out that the powers and prerogatives of the Commissioners were limited by the fact that each department had a Japanese adviser and assistant adviser. Furthermore, Vargas' recommendation for the Commissionership of any department or for any subordinate position had first to be approved by General Homma. What can be taken from this set-up is that the Japanese advisers were nothing more than the eyes and ears of the Japanese military authorities.
The organization of each department and the courts of justice remained essentially the same as during the Commonwealth period but their general programs of work had to be approved by General Homma. The provincial and municipal levels also remained on status quo.
The Japanese made the Filipinos believed that Japan's intention was to see the Philippines become a Republic. Thus, as early as January 21, 1942, the Premier of Japan, Hideki Tozyo, stated in an address before the Japanese Imperial Diet, that "Japan will gladly grant the Philippines its independence so long as it cooperates and recognizes Japan's program of establishing a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere."
On January 20, 1943, Jorge Vargas pledged support of the Filipinos in the attainment of independence. On June 18, the Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (KALIBAPI) was instructed to form the Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence. On January 20, the KALIBAPI announced the composition of the body with Jose P. Laurel as president and Benigno Aquino and Ramon Avanceña as vice-presidents. What followed was the preparation of the draft of the prepared Constitution which was approved on September 4 and ratified by a convention two days later. The new Constitution provided for a unicameral National Assembly whose members were immediately chosen and who elected Laurel as president of the future Republic. This was on October 14, 1943.
On January 23, 1942, General Homma issued an order re-naming the national government as Central Administrative Organization, headed by a Chairperson. The Chairperson of the Executive Commission was assisted by the Council of State. Jorge B. Vargas was appointed by Homma as the Chairperson of the said Commission. The Central Administrative Organization was composed of six executive departments: Interior, Agriculture and Commerce, Communications, Education, Finance, Justice, Health and Public Welfare, and Public Works and Communications. Each of these departments was under a Commissioner whose task was to "execute an administration within his jurisdiction under the control of the Chairman of the Executive Commission."
It must be pointed out that the powers and prerogatives of the Commissioners were limited by the fact that each department had a Japanese adviser and assistant adviser. Furthermore, Vargas' recommendation for the Commissionership of any department or for any subordinate position had first to be approved by General Homma. What can be taken from this set-up is that the Japanese advisers were nothing more than the eyes and ears of the Japanese military authorities.
The organization of each department and the courts of justice remained essentially the same as during the Commonwealth period but their general programs of work had to be approved by General Homma. The provincial and municipal levels also remained on status quo.
The Japanese made the Filipinos believed that Japan's intention was to see the Philippines become a Republic. Thus, as early as January 21, 1942, the Premier of Japan, Hideki Tozyo, stated in an address before the Japanese Imperial Diet, that "Japan will gladly grant the Philippines its independence so long as it cooperates and recognizes Japan's program of establishing a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere."
On January 20, 1943, Jorge Vargas pledged support of the Filipinos in the attainment of independence. On June 18, the Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (KALIBAPI) was instructed to form the Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence. On January 20, the KALIBAPI announced the composition of the body with Jose P. Laurel as president and Benigno Aquino and Ramon Avanceña as vice-presidents. What followed was the preparation of the draft of the prepared Constitution which was approved on September 4 and ratified by a convention two days later. The new Constitution provided for a unicameral National Assembly whose members were immediately chosen and who elected Laurel as president of the future Republic. This was on October 14, 1943.
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